Printed LEDs and wavelength conversion area on objects to provide optical security feature

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, an authentication area on a portable object comprises a random arrangement of printed LEDs and a wavelength conversion layer. The object to be authenticated may be a credit card, casino chip, or other object. When the LEDs are energized during authentication of the object, the emitted spectrum and/or persistence of the wavelength conversion layer is detected and encoded in a first code, then compared to valid codes stored in the database. If there is a match, the object is authenticated. The LED power may be remotely inductively coupled and may flash the LEDs, while the wavelength conversion layer emission slowly decays during its optical detection. The flash of blue LED light may be emitted from the edges of the object, which may act as a light guide, for optical feedback to the user that the object is being authenticated.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.16/007,189, filed on Jun. 13, 2018, which is based on U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. Nos. 62/518,862, filed Jun. 13, 2017; 62/547,017, filedAug. 17, 2017; 62/551,197, filed Aug. 28, 2017; and 62/556,935, filedSep. 11, 2017, all assigned to the present assignee and incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to using embedded light emitting diodes (LEDs)and wavelength conversion areas on objects and then detecting theemitted light's characteristics to determine whether the object, such asa credit card or casino chip, is authentic.

BACKGROUND

U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,180 is assigned to the present assignee andincorporated herein by reference. That patent discloses details ofmethods to print microscopic LEDs on a security label or directly on anobject to be authenticated, where the LEDs are naturally randomlyarranged within the security mark, such as within a 1 cm² area. Forexample, there may be 30-50 LEDs within the security mark, and eachsecurity mark is inherently different. In that patent, the opticallydetected specific arrangement of the LEDs constitutes the uniquesignature of the security mark.

It is desirable to expand on the general concept of using printed LEDsin an object to visually detect the emitted light for reasons includingsecurity and feedback.

SUMMARY

Various improvements and alternatives to the basic technology describedin U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,180 are described.

In one embodiment, a credit card includes an induction coil thatsupplies power to LEDs embedded in the card to illuminate the LEDs whilethe card is being read, such as at a point of sale. Alternatively, avoltage directly applied to the standard smart card chip in the card isrouted to the LEDs to illuminate the LEDs. The card may act as a lightguide to cause the light to be emitted from any portion of the cardsurface. This not only gives visual feedback to the user that the cardis being read, but also provides added security since a counterfeiterwould find it very difficult to replicate the visual effect.

A similar technology may be applied to casino chips or other valuableobjects. Regarding a casino chip, poker tables or pay out stations maybe equipped with an energy source that inductively supplies power to aninduction coil in the chip. This powers the LEDs in the chip, and alight guide in the chip causes any portion of the chip to light up. Suchan effect is extremely difficult to duplicate, so there is addedsecurity.

Since the emitted light from the object is visually detected by a user,there may be no need for expensive optical detection equipment in orderto authenticate the object.

To add a secondary degree of security, the LEDs are coated with awavelength conversion material, such as phosphor or quantum dots, priorto printing, or a wavelength conversion layer is provided over the LEDs.The wavelength conversion material absorbs some of the relatively shortwavelength primary light and emits longer wavelength secondary lighthaving any spectrum vs. intensity pattern. These materials may bedesigned to have a certain spectrum vs. intensity, or certain absorptionwavelengths, or certain persistences that make it very difficult toreproduce or easily detect. In such an embodiment, the emitted lightfrom the object contains a signature that can only be analyzed using acamera and processing equipment to add a much higher level of security.

The energy provided to illuminate the LEDs, such as blue LEDs, maycreate a brief flash of blue light that energizes the wavelengthconversion material. If the object acts as a light guide, the blue lightmay escape from the edges and be visible to the user as feedback thatthe object is being read. The wavelength conversion material may have arelatively slow decay time that allows an optical reader to detect thespectrum and/or persistence to authenticate the object, such as a creditcard or casino chip. The secondary light does not need to be in avisible wavelength. The wavelength conversion material may be acombination of different materials to present a complex spectrum and/orpersistence signature. Any near field chip or other type of smart-cardchip may be included in the object and read at the same time that thewavelength conversion material is being detected for authenticating theobject. The spectrum or persistence of the wavelength conversionmaterial may be cross-referenced with information in the chip, using aremote data base, for authentication. A magnetic strip on the object mayalso be used.

In another embodiment, a simple circuit may also be added to the objectthat powers the LEDs in a certain way, such as by pulsing the LEDs in acoded pattern that may convey information. Such information may be thevalue of a casino chip and adds an added degree of security.

Other enhancements of the concepts described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,180are also described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top down view of an area containing a random array ofprinted LEDs and an inductive loop for powering the LEDs. A wavelengthconversion layer may be provided over the LEDs.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the area of FIG. 1 along line 2-2 in FIG.1, showing only a few of the LEDs, whose relative sizes have beengreatly enlarged. A wavelength conversion layer is provided over theLEDs.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a credit or debit card incorporating amicro-LED array as well as light guiding structures for guiding lightthroughout the card and emitting light through the top and sides of thecard.

FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the card of FIG. 3 showing side light fromthe light engine being light-guided by the card.

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a card body, containing a light engine andsmart chip, and a laminated top layer containing graphics.

FIG. 6 is a cross-section of a credit card with a light engine showinghow side light may be injected into a light guide credit card for beingemitted from selected areas of the card. The light engine area isgreatly exaggerated with respect to the card area.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a poker chip (a casino chip) containing aninduction coil, a light guide, and a micro-LED area.

FIG. 8 illustrates the poker chip of FIG. 7 with the elements connectedtogether.

FIG. 9 illustrates the completed poker chip with printed graphics.

FIG. 10 is an exploded view of another embodiment poker chip using aninduction coil, a light guide, and a micro-LED area.

FIG. 11 illustrates the light intensity persistence vs. time of acertain customized phosphor or dye that has been energized with a pulseof blue or UV light at time 0.

FIG. 12 illustrates the light intensity persistence vs. time of acertain customized phosphor or dye that has been energized with a pulseof blue or UV light at time 0, where the phosphor or dye is composed oftwo different phosphors or dyes having different persistences, andoptionally different wavelength spectrums.

FIG. 13 illustrates the light intensity vs. wavelength of a customizedphosphor or dye.

FIG. 14 illustrates the light intensity vs. wavelength of a customizedcombination of phosphors or dyes.

FIG. 15 illustrates a complex light intensity vs. wavelength of acustomized combination of phosphors or dyes, where light emissionwavelengths and absorption bands are detected for added security.

FIG. 16 illustrates a system for inductively powering the LEDs in anobject, such as a credit card or casino chip, and optionally opticallydetecting the light pattern and wavelength conversion materialcharacteristics, and communicating with a remote secure database forauthenticating the object. The system may additionally include a UVsource for energizing phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots.

FIG. 17 illustrates a system for applying power to the LEDs in anobject, such as a credit card or casino chip, and optionally opticallydetecting the light pattern and wavelength conversion materialcharacteristics, and communicating with a remote secure database forauthenticating the label. The system may additionally include a UVsource for energizing phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots.

FIG. 18 illustrates a process for forming another embodiment of theinvention, where an object, such as a credit card or casino chip,contains an RFID or other smart-chip, LEDs, and wavelength conversionmaterial for authenticating the object and reading additionalinformation regarding the object without physically contacting theobject.

FIG. 19 illustrates a system for reading and authenticating the objectof FIG. 18.

Elements that are similar or identical in the various figures arelabeled with the same numeral.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one general embodiment of the invention, a printed LED area iscontained in an object that is energized by an induction coil or avoltage applied directly to pads on the object. Wavelength conversionmaterials may be used to generate any color. The object may providelight guiding to cause the emitted light to appear anywhere on theobject. When the object is being detected, power is applied to the LEDsand the resulting light is visually observed by the user. Such light maybe used for authentication or just to show that the object is beingdetected. In the examples shown, the object is a credit/debit card or acasino chip. An RFID chip may also be embedded in the object to provideadditional information.

In another general embodiment of the invention, the particular patternof LEDs and/or the optical signature of the wavelength conversionmaterial is detected by a camera and compared to a stored signature toauthenticate the object.

FIG. 1 is a top down view of an area 10 of randomly arranged printedLEDs 12 and a metal inductor loop 14 for powering the LEDs 12. Theinductor loop 14 may be formed anywhere on an object containing the LEDs12 and not necessarily proximate to the LEDs 12. Each LED 12 may becoated with a phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots having customizedcharacteristics, or a layer of phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots (or amixture) may overlie or underlie the LEDs 12.

The perimeter of the printed LED layer (i.e., where the LED ink isprinted) is shown by the dashed line 16. The area 10 may be smaller thana postage stamp (e.g., less than 1 square inch). The area 10 may be madeas a sheet or roll in a high speed roll-to-roll process, then singulatedand affixed to the object. Alternatively, the area 10 may be printeddirectly on the object. The cost per area 10 may be on the order of apenny. The object to be authenticated may be a credit card, casino chip,passport, license, bank note, etc.

Depending on the drive technique used and the amount of power that mustbe delivered to adequately light all the LEDs 12 in the lamp, theinductor loop 14 may be printed as a flat spiral or rectangular coil oftwo or more turns to form a secondary coil in order to efficientlycouple with a primary drive coil producing an oscillating magneticfield. For two or more turns, the innermost loop connects to a firstlamp electrode (e.g., an anode) and an additional insulating layer mustbe printed over the coil loops so that an electrical trace connectingthe end of the outermost winding of the spiral coil may cross over theinner loops of the spiral coil and make electrical contact with a secondlamp electrode (e.g., a cathode) to complete the lamp-coil circuit.

Alternatively, the LED layer may be powered by directly probing theanode and cathode terminals with a voltage, such as done when powering asmart card chip in credit card readers.

FIG. 2 is a simplified cross-section of the area 10 of FIG. 1 along line2-2 in FIG. 1, showing only a few of the LEDs 12, whose relative sizeshave been greatly enlarged for illustration.

The area 10 may be formed as follows.

In FIG. 2, a starting substrate 18 may be polycarbonate, PET(polyester), PMMA, Mylar or other type of polymer sheet, or even a thinmetal film, paper, cloth, or other material. In one embodiment, thesubstrate 18 is about 12-250 microns thick and may include a releasefilm.

A conductor layer 20 is then deposited over the substrate 18, such as byprinting. The substrate 18 and conductor layer 20 may be essentiallytransparent. For example, the conductor layer 20 may be ITO or asintered silver nano-wire mesh. If light is to be emitted in thedirection opposite to the substrate 18, the substrate 18 or conductorlayer 20 may be reflective.

A monolayer of microscopic inorganic LEDs 12 is then printed over theconductor layer 20. The LEDs 12 are vertical LEDs and include standardsemiconductor GaN layers, including an n-layer, and active layer, and ap-layer. GaN LEDs typically emit blue light. The LEDs 12, however, whenused with a phosphor, dye, or quantum dots, may instead emit UV light.

The GaN-based micro-LEDs 12 are less than a third the diameter of ahuman hair and less than a tenth as high, rendering them essentiallyinvisible to the naked eye when the LEDs 12 are spread across thesubstrate 18 to be illuminated. This attribute permits construction of anearly or partially transparent light-generating layer made withmicro-LEDs. In one embodiment, the LEDs 12 have a diameter less than 50microns and a height less than 20 microns. The number of micro-LEDdevices per unit area may be freely adjusted when applying themicro-LEDs to the substrate 18. The LEDs 12 may be printed as an inkusing screen printing or other forms of printing. Further detail offorming a light source by printing microscopic vertical LEDs, andcontrolling their orientation on a substrate, can be found in USapplication publication US 2012/0164796, entitled, Method ofManufacturing a Printable Composition of Liquid or Gel Suspension ofDiodes, assigned to the present assignee and incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, an LED wafer, containing many thousands of verticalLEDs, is fabricated so that the top metal electrode 22 for each LED 12is small to allow light to exit the top surface of the LEDs 12. Thebottom metal electrode 24 is reflective (a mirror) and should have areflectivity of over 90% for visible light. Alternatively, the bottomelectrode may be made to be partially or fully transparent to allowlight to be emitted in comparable amounts both upwards away from thesubstrate and downwards through the substrate 18. With either the solidbottom reflector electrode or the transparent bottom electrode option,there is also some side light, depending on the thickness of the LED. Inthe example, the anode electrode is on top and the cathode electrode ison the bottom.

Further detail on fabrication of microscopic LEDs and the printing ofthe LEDs to form a security label is described in U.S. Pat. No.9,443,180.

The LED ink is then printed over the conductor layer 20. The orientationof the LEDs 12 can be controlled by providing a relatively tall topelectrode 22 (e.g., the anode electrode), so that the top electrode 22orients upward by taking the fluid path of least resistance through thesolvent after printing. The anode and cathode surfaces may be oppositeto those shown. The pattern of the LEDs 12 is random, but theapproximate number of LEDs 12 printed per area 10 can be controlled bythe density of LEDs 12 in the ink. The LED ink is heated (cured) toevaporate the solvent. After curing, the LEDs 12 remain attached to theunderlying conductor layer 20 with a small amount of residual resin thatwas dissolved in the LED ink as a viscosity modifier. The adhesiveproperties of the resin and the decrease in volume of resin underneaththe LEDs 12 during curing press the bottom cathode electrode 24 againstthe underlying conductor layer 20, creating a good electricalconnection. Over 90% like orientation has been achieved, althoughsatisfactory performance may be achieved with only 50% of the LEDs beingin the desired orientation for a DC driven lamp design. 50% up and 50%down is optimal for lamps that are powered with AC, such as those driventhrough inductive coupling using the conductive loop powered lamp asseen in FIG. 1.

A transparent polymer dielectric layer 26 is then selectively printedover the conductor layer 20 to encapsulate the sides of the LEDs 12 andfurther secure them in position. The ink used to form the dielectriclayer 26 pulls back from the upper surface of the LEDs 12, or de-wetsfrom the top of the LEDs 12, during curing to expose the top electrodes22. If any dielectric remains over the LEDs 12, a blanket etch step maybe performed to expose the top electrodes 22.

To produce a transparent lamp or a lamp that emits upward and away fromthe substrate 18, conductor layer 28 may be a transparent conductor suchas silver nano-wires, which is printed to contact the top electrodes 22.The conductor layer 28 is cured by lamps to create good electricalcontact to the electrodes 22.

The LEDs 12 in the monolayer, within a defined area, are connected inparallel by the conductor layers 20/28. Since the LEDs 12 are connectedin parallel, the driving voltage will be approximately equal to thevoltage drop of a single LED 12.

A wavelength conversion layer 30 may be printed or laminated over thetransparent conductor layer 28. Alternatively, the wavelength conversionmaterial may be deposited on the LEDs 12 prior to infusing the LEDs 12in the solution. Still further, the wavelength conversion layer may bebelow the LEDs 12, where the bottom conductor layer 20 can be atransparent conductor.

Any metal pattern may then be printed for coupling an external powersource to the conductor layers 20/28.

When the LEDs 12 are energized by a voltage potential across theconductor layers 20/28, very small and bright blue dots are created. Ablue light ray 32 is shown. Some of the blue light may pass through thewavelength conversion layer 30 and add to the overall color emitted bythe wavelength conversion layer 30. Alternatively, all LED light may beabsorbed by the wavelength conversion layer 30 and converted tosecondary light of a longer wavelength. Any emitted frequency spectrumcan be customized.

The particular characteristics of the light emitted by the wavelengthconversion layer 30 can be customized to provide a primary or secondarysecurity criterion, as described in more detail later. For example, thewavelength conversion layer 30 may be customized for light persistence,wavelength spectrum vs. intensity, or other characteristic, andcombinations of characteristics. When the emitted characteristics arecombined with the random locations of the LEDs 12, a multi-levelsecurity system is created that is virtually impossible to replicate.

Alternatively, the random arrangement of the LEDs 12 and the specificcharacteristics of the emitted spectrum are not relevant to the opticaldetection, and only the fact that light is emitted from the object isneeded for authentication or to show the user that the object is beingread. In such a case, no camera is needed to detect the light.

For ease in energizing the LEDs 12, current through the metal inductorloop 14 is generated by inductive coupling. The inductor loop 14 may beformed by printing a metal pattern contacting the conductor layers20/28. FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of the inductor loop end portion 14Acontacting a small extension of the conductor layer 20, and anothercross-section (taken at a different location) of the inductor loop endportion 14B contacting a small extension of the conductor layer 28. Amajority of the inductor loop 14 is formed on the dielectric substrate18, and a somewhat vertical conductive trace connects the inductor loop14 to the upper end portion 14B. Each step in the vertical stair-steplike rise between the portions 14A and 14B is typically less than 10 μmand so is easily traversed by a printed trace of either an opaquereflective conductive ink or a partially or substantially transparentconductive ink. A sufficient current induced in the inductor loop 14 inthe proper direction will forward bias the LEDs 12 to illuminate them. Asuitable value resistor may also be printed between the inductor loop 14and the conductor layers 20/28 to limit current. Alternatively, aninductor coil that is formed separately may be electrically connected tothe LED electrodes.

As previously mentioned, a direct probe of the anode and cathodeelectrodes connected to the conductor layers may also be used toenergize the LEDs 12. If power is not available, the wavelengthconversion layer 30 or the phosphor or quantum dots directly on each LED12 may be energized by a blue or UV external light to determine thelocations of the dots and the characteristics of the wavelengthconversion material.

The bottom of the substrate 18 may be coated with an adhesive foraffixing to an article to be authenticated. Alternatively, the substrate18 may be a surface of the object to be authenticated.

The area 10 is very flexible and has a thickness on the order of paperor cloth, such as between 5-13 mils.

The areas 10 may be formed using a roll-to-roll process where the LEDs12 and other layers are continuously printed on a single substrate 18and then singulated. One surface of the areas 10 may have a tackyadhesive applied to them, and the areas 10 may then be applied to a waxfilm for creating inexpensive rolls of many areas 10. Since thepositions of LEDs 12 for each area 10 are random when printed, thepattern of LEDs in each area 10 will be different and unique.

FIGS. 3-6 illustrate an embodiment of the security system used withcredit cards or debit cards. The embodiments include using light guidesto verify to the user that the LED area is being energized, and usingvarious powering techniques for energizing the LED area. In theembodiments shown in FIGS. 3-6, the security is provided by the factthat the user sees the light being emitted by the credit card. Theprecise pattern of LEDs and the precise emitted spectrum is not detectedby any camera, so expensive equipment is not used for the securitysystem.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a credit card 36 containing an LED area 40that is printed directly on the credit card 36 when manufacturing thecard 36 using a high speed process. Alternatively, the LED area 40 maybe pre-printed and affixed to the card 36. A conventional smart cardchip 42 is also contained in the card 36. The card 36 is typicallyformed of a plastic, and graphics 44 are printed on the card 36, such asthe type of card, the card number, and the owner's name.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the card 36 of FIG. 3 with featuresexaggerated for simplicity. The smart chip is not shown. The LED area 40generates side light and possibly downward light that is internallyreflected within the transparent plastic forming the card's body. Alight ray 46 is shown being emitted by the side of the area 40 andreflected by total internal reflection (TIR) until the light exits asurface of the card. Light extraction features may include moldedmicroscopic prisms, or a roughening of the surface, or printednon-opaque graphics on the card 36. Some or all of the graphics may evenbe fluorescent so as to glow when energized by the LED light. The light49 emitted from the top of the area 40 is also shown.

When the card 36 is inserted into a card reader equipped with a powersource, the LEDs are powered by either an induction coil or by thevoltage probes used to energize the smart card chip 42. The user seesthe card glowing and the edges bright, such as by the light ray 48. Thetop face of the card 36 also emits light, such as by highlighting anyprinted graphics. A logo may also be superimposed over the LED area 40.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded perspective view of the credit card 36.The top layer 50, containing the graphics, may be a thin transparentlayer laminated over a transparent substrate layer 52 (e.g.,polycarbonate) for appearance and protection. The LED area 40 on thesubstrate layer 52 is exposed through a window 54 in the top layer 50,and the smart card chip 42 is exposed through another window 56.

An inductor coil 58, on the substrate layer 52, supplies power to theLEDs in the area 40 when the card 36 is being detected. The coil 58 maybe separately formed on a thin polymer sheet that is laminated over thesubstrate layer 52. The LED area 40 may also be separately formed on athin polymer sheet and laminated so that electrodes in the LED area 40electrically contact electrodes of the coil 58 (or other circuit). Whenthe LEDs are energized, the side light optically couples into thesubstrate 52 and top layer 50 and is waveguided throughout the card 36until the light exits the top or side surfaces of the card 36.Alternatively, the LEDs may be powered by a DC voltage directly coupledto the Vcc and ground pads of the smart card chip 42, obviating the needfor the coil 58. A voltage doubler chip on the substrate layer 52 may beused to convert the Vcc voltage of 1.8 volts to 3.6 volts for poweringthe LEDs. A voltage doubler chip and rectifier may also be used betweenthe inductor coil 58 and the LED area 40. Multiple coils may be used topower different electronic circuits in the card 36 in the presence of amagnetic field. An RFID chip may also be powered by the credit cardreader.

The visible feedback to the user not only shows the user that the card36 has the LED area 40 feature but is also cosmetically appealing. Theside light that is waveguided may be different from the light emittedfrom the top of the area 40, since the side light may be mainly the LEDprimary light, such as blue, while the light emitted from the top of thearea 40 may be a combination of the LED light and the secondary lightfrom the wavelength conversion material, or only light from thewavelength conversion material.

FIG. 6 is a simplified and exaggerated cross-sectional view of a creditcard 60, showing how the side light from the LED area 40 is injectedinto the body 62 of the credit card 60. In this particular design, thecredit card 60 has a bottom reflective layer 64. A transparent lightpipe layer 66 may form the bottom layer of the LED area 40, or may bepart of the card body 62. Over the light pipe layer 66 is formed acustomized wavelength conversion layer 68. Note that the portion of thearea 40 taken up by the LEDs 12 is nominal compared to the openportions, so most of the light emitted by the wavelength conversionlayer 68 may be through the front of the area 40, unless a reflectivelayer is provided over the area 40.

A transparent conductor layer 72 the then formed, followed by theprinting and curing of the LED ink, resulting in the random arrangementof LEDs 12. A transparent dielectric layer 74 fills in the area betweenthe LEDs 12, and a top transparent conductor layer 76 contacts the topelectrodes to connect the LEDs 12 in parallel. A graphics layer 78 maybe over the area 40.

Light rays 80-84 are shown being emitted in various directions andexiting the top of the area 40 as well as being light-guided by thecredit card body 62. Light is also emitted by the wavelength conversionlayer 68 in all directions.

Since there is no extra cost in fabricating the credit card 60 toprovide the light guiding feature, there is synergy by adding thisfeature.

FIGS. 7-9 illustrate a similar technique applied to poker chips (casinochips) to not only add authentication but to illuminate the poker chipsusing light guiding.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a poker chip 90, which may be any casinochip used to make a wager. An inductive coil 92 powers the LED area 94formed in the center area. Transparent light guide pieces 96 form partof the periphery of the chip 90 and receive side light from the LED area94. The LED area 94 as well as any customized phosphor or dye layer arevery difficult to counterfeit.

FIG. 8 shows the same chip 90 in a non-exploded view.

FIG. 9 shows the same chip 90 with a thin protective top layer 98. Thelayer 98 may or may not allow light to pass through. The top layer 98includes graphics 100 to identify the value of the chip 90 and thecasino. An RFID chip may also be incorporated to transmit informationabout the chip 90.

When the poker chip 90 is subjected to a suitable magnetic field, suchas when the chip 90 is bet or during cashing out, the coil 92 energizesthe LED area 94, and the edges are illuminated at the light guide pieces96 to verify proper operation of the LED area 94.

FIG. 10 is an exploded view of a poker chip 110 having a differentconstruction. In the chip 110 of FIG. 10, the light from the LEDs or aphosphor layer is emitted at the periphery of the chip 110 using lightguiding within the chip 110. The characteristics of the phosphor layermay be varied for added security.

The phosphor characteristics may also (or only) be used to opticallyidentify the denomination of the chip 110. In such a case, eachdenomination uses a different phosphor or combination of phosphors.

The layers are identified from the bottom up in FIG. 10. The bottomlayer is a 4-color artwork label 112 showing suitable graphics. Alight-blocking double-sided adhesive layer 114 affixes the label 112 toa solid slug 116 that includes a transparent central core for lightguiding. The light can escape through transparent/translucent portions117 near the periphery of the chip. A transparent epoxy layer 118affixes the LED area 119 to the slug 116. The LED area substrate mayinclude a voltage doubler and rectifier. The LED area 119 may include aphosphor, dye, or quantum dot layer having customized opticalcharacteristics. A double-sided adhesive layer 120 affixes an inductioncoil 122 over the LED area 119, which electrically connects to thevoltage doubler and rectifier for powering the LEDs. A Mylar spacer 124is then provided, followed by a double-sided light blocking adhesivelayer 126. A 4-color top label 128 is then provided over the centralarea of the chip 110.

Since the peripheral areas of the chip 110 are exposed, the light fromthe LED area 119 is light-guided in the chip 110 until it exits throughthe transparent or translucent areas 117.

In the above embodiments, only the existence of light being emitted fromthe object is enough to authenticate the object or convey otherinformation about the object. However, the wavelength conversion layeremission may be customized to have complex optical characteristics. Someof these customized characteristics include a certain spectrum vs.

intensity and a persistence. If such an added security feature is used,the spectrum of the light emitted from the object and/or the persistenceof the phosphor or dye layer is optically detected by a camera anddigitally encoded. The code is then later compared with a stored code ina database to authenticate the object.

FIGS. 11-15 relate to forming a wavelength conversion material havingcustomized characteristics that are very difficult to accuratelyreproduce. Additionally, the wavelength conversion material may bechanged from time to time during the manufacturing process to furtherenhance security. Characteristics that may be customized include thepersistence of the light after the LEDs have turned off, where thepersistences of different phosphors or dyes in a mixture may bedifferent and associated with different frequency spectrums. Thespectrum vs. intensity can be customized, and absorbing materials mayform notches in the spectrum vs. intensity graph. Multiple phosphors ordyes may be combined to form a highly complex spectrum vs. intensitygraph with different persistences. Other customized characteristics areenvisioned.

FIG. 11 illustrates how, at time 0, the LEDs in the LED area in anobject are pulsed to energize a single phosphor or dye type. The decayof the light intensity for selected wavelengths is shown. Phosphors ordyes may be customized to have a wide variety of persistences. Thephosphor wavelengths and its persistence is the security feature in suchan embodiment. The characteristics are stored in a database and thencompared with a transmitted code when authenticating the object.

FIG. 12 illustrates how the phosphor or dye light output can become muchmore complex when combining phosphors or dyes. Only two phosphors ordyes are combined in FIG. 12, but many more phosphors or dyes can becombined with different spectrums and persistences. In the example, thegraph 140 may be associated with one type of phosphor or dye, such asone emitting a first spectrum, and the graph 142 may be associated withanother type of phosphor or dye emitting a second spectrum or the samespectrum. Both persistences may be independently measured if they applyto different spectrums, which may be filtered to isolate the differentphosphors. The relative combinations of two or more phosphors or dyescan be varied over time for high security.

FIG. 13 illustrates how a customized phosphor or dye may have acharacteristic emission spectrum, which is the wavelength of the emittedlight vs. intensity of light over the spectrum.

FIG. 14 shows how multiple phosphors or dyes can be combined to addspikes 144 at various wavelengths or any other perturbation in thegraph. The graph may be made very complex by combining phosphors ordyes. Phosphors, dyes, and quantum dots may be combined to furtherincrease the complexity.

FIG. 15 illustrates a wavelength vs. intensity graph with multiplephosphors or dyes and wavelength absorbers. The absorbers absorb lightat the desired wavelengths and produce the notches 146. The spikes 148may be associated with other phosphors or dyes. A blend of otherphosphors or dyes may produce the broad spectrum pattern.

The combination of the spectrum and persistences can provide very highsecurity, in addition to the visual feedback to the user.

For detecting the precise characteristics of the emission from theobject, a camera and processing system is needed as well as a databasethat stores a code that corresponds to the detected characteristics.Such systems are shown in FIGS. 16 and 17.

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a detector 150 that powers theLEDs 12 and authenticates an LED area 152. If the authentication onlyrequires that some light be emitted, then a camera and processingcircuitry is not needed.

The LED area 152 (or any light output area) is positioned in front of adigital imager 154, such as a camera. If the LED area 152 is in a creditcard, a card reader would be equipped with the detector 150.

The imager 154 may be hand held. The same type of detector 150 may alsobe used during manufacturing of the LED area 152 to store the uniquecode conveyed by the dot pattern and wavelength conversion material.FIG. 16 shows the LED area 152 supported on a surface 156, which may bethe object to be authenticated. The field of view of the imager 154 isshown by the dashed lines 158.

A metal coil 160 (the primary coil) centered over the LED area 152 isthen energized by one or more pulses from a power supply 162 to createan electromagnetic field. An AC signal may also be applied to the coil160. The electromagnetic field induces a current through the inductorloop 163 on the object and forward biases the LEDs 12 to continuously orbriefly illuminate them.

Power may be transferred using either an RF field produced by continuousAC power to the coil 160 or pulsed, using a flyback drive approach.Driving the coil 160 with continuous AC, with a frequency from 10 kHz to100's of kHz, will light LEDs of both orientations, with one populationof LEDs lit during each half of the AC cycle, and a blue dot patternwill coincide with the locations of every printed LED 12. Alternatively,low duty-cycle square wave pulses, with a frequency from 10 KHz to 100'sof kHz, may be used to induce a current in the inductor loop with avoltage high enough to light LEDs of one orientation each time thecurrent is supplied to the coil 160. If the inductor loop is printedsuch that it has a high enough series resistance, the induced voltagesignal then damps out to below the micro-LED turn-on voltage of the LEDsas the voltage in the coil 160 and loop swings to the reverse polarity.This permits the LED driver to selectively light only the “down” or the“up” LEDs so that the digital imager 154 may take an exposure of the litLED area 158 that spans multiple driver cycles. The polarity of thepulses in the coil 160 is used to select whether the “up” or “down” LEDs12 are to be lit. The combined pattern of up and down LEDs may be partof the unique code.

Further details of a technique to energize LEDs using an inductor coiland a driver may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,413,359, assigned to thepresent assignee and incorporated herein by reference.

The detection system may simply determine that the emitted light meets acertain criterion for authentication. In such a case, the opticalproperties may only need to be compared to data in a local database inthe reader. However, if the optical properties are unique for eachobject, or changes from batch to batch, such properties may be initiallystored in a remote database and then compared with the detectedproperties, such as at the point of sale of the object.

The following description may apply where the optical properties of thelight emitted by the object are used to authenticate the object.

Once the random arrangement of dots is illuminated, either by energizingthe LEDs 12 or using an external light source 164 to excite phosphor, aprogrammed processor/memory system 165 connected to the imager 154records the image (including the characteristics of the wavelengthconversion material) and generates the unique code for the dot patternand secondary light characteristics in the same manner as the code wasgenerated during the manufacture of the LED area 152. Any otheridentifying mark on the area 152, such as a serial number, is alsooptically detected and associated with the unique code. A printed serialnumber on the article itself, such as a passport, banknote, license, orcertificate, may also be optically detected by the imager 154 andultimately cross-referenced with the unique code.

The unique code and other optically detected information are thentransmitted via a communications network 166 to a secure database 168.The user uses a user interface 170 to control the authentication processand receive the authentication information. The user interface 170 maybe a simple button pad with a display.

The database 168 then compares the dot code and wavelength conversionmaterial characteristics code to a stored code and, if there is a match,the object is deemed authentic. The optically detected label serialnumber (or other printed code) may also be detected, and both codes arecompared with associated codes in the database 168 for additionalsecurity. The identification that the object is authentic may betransmitted to a display in the user interface 170, or other systems maybe used to register that the object is authentic or not authentic.

FIG. 17 illustrates a detector 180 for authenticating the LED area 152.All elements are the same as the detector 150 of FIG. 16 except formetal probes 182, for applying a voltage to the anode and cathode pads184/186 on the object, and a polarity switchable DC voltage source 188,which can be used to selectively illuminate LEDs 12 in each orientation.A simple AC voltage source may be used to illuminate both orientationsof LEDs 12 without orientation selectability. Such a detector 180 may belocated in a credit or debit card reader and also be used to power asmart chip in the card.

As previously mentioned, even an external blue or UV light source 164may energize the wavelength conversion material to detect its customizedcharacteristics to authenticate the object. In such a case, the randomarrangement of the LEDs 12 may not be relevant.

In another embodiment, the light-generating devices do not use LEDs, andonly phosphor particles and/or quantum dots are printed on thesubstrate. The phosphor or quantum dot particles may be directlydispersed in an ink at a low concentration so that no substrate isneeded. The ink solvent is evaporated, leaving the wavelength-conversionparticles randomly scattered on the label surface. No voltage source orconductor layers are needed. The randomness is a natural result of theprinting process. An external UV or blue light source energizes theparticles instead of using LEDs. The level of security may be less thanthat when using LEDs but the security may be sufficient for lower valueitems. In such a case, the dots in FIG. 1 represent the wavelengthconversion particles rather than LEDs.

In another embodiment, a simple circuit may also be added to the objectthat powers the LEDs in a certain way, such as by pulsing the LEDs in acoded pattern that may convey information. Such information may be thevalue of a casino chip and adds an added degree of security.

FIGS. 18 and 19 relate to an object, such as a credit card or casinochip, that may be read and authenticated without physical contact.

Integrated circuit RFID chips and other smart-chips that use near fieldcommunications (NFC) are increasing in popularity since there is no needto insert the object into a reader to contact any electrodes. Such smartchips are also referred to as EMV chips. In the transition period forthe new technology, the object may contain legacy circuitry thatrequires direct contact of electrodes, and such legacy circuitry mayalso be included in the object of FIGS. 18 and 19.

FIG. 18 illustrates a process for forming a credit card, although theprocess may also be used to form any portable object, such as a casinochip.

A credit card substrate 190 may be a transparent or translucent plastic.Over the substrate 190 is provided an RFID chip 192, LEDs 194, and flatinductive coils 196 for energizing the LEDs 194 and RFID chip 192. TheRFID chip 192 and its associated coil may be conventional. The LEDs 194and associated coil may be similar to those shown in FIGS. 2 and 5. TheLEDs 194 and coil may be pre-printed on a thin sheet and laminated ontothe substrate 190 or directly printed on the substrate 190. The LEDs 194are connected in parallel and illuminate when a pulse of current isinductively coupled to the coils 196. The RFID chip 192 coil energizesthe RFID circuitry and also performs as a communications antenna totransmit data to a conventional reader. Other suitable chips may be usedinstead of an RFID chip.

Next, a protective layer 198, which may be a thin polymer and/or agraphic layer, is printed or laminated over the surface of the card. Atransparent window 200 is formed over the LEDs 194.

Next, a customized wavelength conversion layer 202 is printed orlaminated (like a stamp) over the window 200. The wavelength conversionlayer 202 may be composed of any combination of phosphors, quantum dots,dyes, or any other material that emits secondary light, emitting anycombination of wavelengths, after being energized by a flash of the LEDprimary light (e.g., blue). Although the LEDs 194 may flash for afraction of a second, the wavelength conversion layer 202 may have arelatively slow decay (persistence). As mentioned previously, theparticular spectrum and/or persistence of the wavelength conversionlayer 202 is used for authenticating the object. Some of the LED lightwill pass through the wavelength conversion layer 202, and this blueflash may be detected by an optical detector to initiate the detectionof the spectrum and/or persistence of the wavelength conversion layer202. The wavelength conversion layer 202 may be different for differenttypes of cards, or for different manufacturing dates of cards, or forany other reason for improved security. It is very difficult toreproduce the LED wavelength in combination with the various wavelengthsemitted by the wavelength conversion layer 202. Both the LED wavelengthand the wavelength conversion layer 202 spectrum may be detected.

In one embodiment, the composition of the wavelength conversion material(e.g., ratio of phosphors, dyes, QDs, etc.) is changed in random waysover time for added security.

The wavelength conversion layer 202 may be pre-printed as an adhesivestamp on a sheet and simply transferred to the card 204, in the same waythat holograms are sometimes used to authenticate a credit card.

In one embodiment, LEDs 194 are printed that emit two or more differentpeak wavelengths. A different spectral response will occur for thedifferent wavelengths. Since the resulting spectrum includes the primarylight from the LEDs 194, the resulting spectrum will be extremelydifficult to copy.

In one embodiment, the LEDs 194 and/or wavelength conversion layer 202emits light that varies non-linearly with current to the LEDs 194. Theinput may then be varied over the detection time to derive a codecorresponding to spectrum vs. time or to obtain a plurality of discretespectral signatures to further improve security.

In one embodiment, the LEDs 194 in the LED ink have two differentphysical shapes so that a predetermined percentage of the printed LEDsare oriented up and the remainder is oriented down. If the energizingcurrent is AC, such as a sine wave or square wave, the two sets of LEDswill be alternately driven. As a result, there will be two spectrums fora single detection, to further improve security.

The processing of the card 204 may be performed under atmosphericconditions in an assembly line type process. The completed cards arethen segmented from a sheet of cards.

FIG. 19 illustrates a process for using the card 204. When the card 204is used at a point of sale, the user places the card 204 near or into areader/energizer 206 that includes one or more inductive coils thatmagnetically couple to the coils in the card 204. If RFID chips areused, very little power needs to be coupled to initiate the RFcommunications between the RFID chip 192 and the reader 206. If the chipis an NFC chip, the card 204 may need to be close to thereader/energizer 206. A separate coil may be needed in thereader/energizer 206 for coupling sufficient power to the coil on thecard 204 that powers the LEDs 194.

The system may be designed to just briefly flash the LEDs 194, whichemit a blue light 208. If the card substrate 190 is transparent ortranslucent, it acts like a light guide so that the user sees a flash ofblue light from the edges of the card 204, providing feedback to theuser that the card 204 is being read.

The wavelength conversion layer 202 emits light for a much longer time,and this light is detected by an optical detector 210 that detects theemitted spectrum and/or persistence of the primary and secondaryemissions for authenticating the card 204.

At the same time, the RFID or NFC chip 192 is also being read toauthenticate the card 204.

A controller 212 controls the process and suitably formats the data fortransmission to a data base via a communications system 214, such as byusing the internet.

During the manufacturing of the card 204 or during the manufacturing ofthe wavelength conversion layer 202, the wavelength conversion layer 202is energized with a pulse of primary light, and the resulting opticalcharacteristics of the spectrum and/or persistence are recorded in acode. This code is then stored in a data base and associated with theparticular card. Upon detection of the spectrum and/or persistence atthe point of sale by the optical detector 210, another code is generatedusing the same technique. The communications system 214 then transmitsthe code and the card identification to the data base, and the code iscompared to the stored code in the data base for authentication. Ifthere is a match, the authentication is communicated back to the pointof sale and the sale is completed.

The card 204 may also include electrodes on its surface so thatinsertion of the card 204 into a reader directly powers the chip 192 andLEDs 194 as well as reads the data on the chip 192.

In systems that are only used to authenticate an object withoutconveying other information, the RFID or NFC chip 192 is not needed.

If the object is a casino chip, the RFID or NFC chip 192 may be used toidentify the value of the chip, its serial number, its casino, etc.

The combination of the LEDs and wavelength conversion material forauthentication may be used for any object for added security when makinga purchase at a point of sale. Such objects include smart phones, wherenear field contactless payment using the smart phone is becoming verypopular. The phone may include an adhesive stamp that contains the LEDs,the inductive coil, and the wavelength conversion material. The stampmay be adhered to any object. The stamp may also include a chip (e.g.,RFID, NFC) containing information that is cross-referenced to the lightemitting characteristics of the wavelength conversion material for addedsecurity. The chip and light emitting characteristics may be read in acontactless manner using RF and/or inductive coupling as described abovefor authenticating the smart phone for completing the sale.

All features described herein may be combined in various combinations toachieve a desired function.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatchanges and modifications may be made without departing from thisinvention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims areto encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications asfall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An authentication system comprising: an object to be authenticated; one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) on or within the object, the LEDs emitting primary light when energized; a power receiving circuit on or within the object for temporarily receiving power from a power source external to the object; and wavelength conversion material on or within the object that is energized when the LEDs are energized, the wavelength conversion material for converting the primary light to secondary light, the secondary light having a spectrum characteristic and/or a persistence characteristic that has been selected for authenticating the object, wherein a first code corresponding to the spectrum characteristic and/or persistence characteristic is stored in a data base for comparison to the spectrum characteristic and/or a persistence characteristic of the wavelength conversion material at a time when the object is being authenticated.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the object is a credit or debit card.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the object is a casino chip.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the object includes a light guide that at least guides light emitted by the LEDs for observation by a user of the object.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the power receiving circuit comprises an inductor coil for converting an electromagnetic field generated by the power source to a current for powering the LEDs.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the power receiving circuit comprises conductive pads on the object for receiving a voltage generated by the power source for powering the LEDs.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the wavelength conversion material has the spectrum characteristic that is detectable for authenticating the object.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the wavelength conversion material has the persistence characteristic that is detectable for authenticating the object.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the LEDs are not directly seen by a user.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the object includes a chip that conveys information about the object.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the wavelength conversion material is printed directly on the object.
 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the wavelength conversion material is a pre-fabricated stamp affixed on the object overlying the LEDs.
 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the power receiving circuit supplies a pulse of current to the LEDs to generate a flash of the primary light, and where the wavelength conversion material continues to emit the secondary light after the flash of the primary light.
 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the wavelength conversion material comprises a mixture of different materials emitting different spectrums and/or persistences.
 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the wavelength conversion material comprises any combination of phosphors, quantum dots, and dyes.
 16. The system of claim 1 wherein both the primary light from the LEDs and the secondary light from the wavelength conversion material are detected to authenticate the object.
 17. A method for authenticating an object comprising: providing a wavelength conversion material on or within a portable object, the wavelength conversion material for converting primary light to secondary light, the wavelength conversion material being selected to have a particular spectrum characteristic and/or a persistence characteristic; receiving power from a power source, external to the object and not permanently connected to the object, for supplying power to light emitting diodes (LEDs) on or within the object to illuminate the LEDs when the object is proximate to the power source, the LEDs emitting the primary light for energizing the wavelength conversion material; detecting light emitted by at least the wavelength conversion material on or within the object; detecting one or both of the spectrum characteristic of the wavelength conversion material or the persistence characteristic of the wavelength conversion material; and comparing the spectrum characteristic and/or the persistence characteristic of the wavelength conversion material to stored data in a data base for authenticating the object.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising: detecting information in an integrated circuit chip on or within the portable object; and using the information in the integrated circuit chip and results from comparing the spectrum characteristic and/or the persistence characteristic of the wavelength conversion material to the data in the data base to identify whether the object is authenticated.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the object is a credit or debit card.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the object is a casino chip.
 21. The method of claim 17 wherein the power receiving circuit comprises an inductor coil for converting an electromagnetic field generated by the power source to a current for powering the LEDs.
 22. The method of claim 17 wherein the wavelength conversion material has the spectrum characteristic that is detectable for authenticating the object.
 23. The method of claim 17 wherein the wavelength conversion material has the persistence characteristic that is detectable for authenticating the object. 